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Chapter 6: Security Mechanisms
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Clavister cOS Core
1
Administration Guide
1
Table of Contents
3
List of Figures
9
List of Examples
11
Intended Audience
14
Screenshots
14
Examples
14
Highlighted Content
15
Important
16
Chapter 1: cOS Core Overview
17
1.2. cOS Core Architecture
22
1.2.3. Basic Packet Flow
23
Note: Additional actions
24
Apply Rules
29
2.1. Managing cOS Core
31
Remote Management Policies
32
2.1.3. The Web Interface
33
Lynx X8 G1
34
Eagle E5/E7 gesw
34
Wolf W3/W5 M1
34
Virtual Series If1
34
Multi-language Support
35
The Web Browser Interface
35
Interface Layout
36
Using CA Signed Certificates
37
HTTPSCertificate=HostA
38
2.1.4. The CLI
39
Tip: Getting help about help
40
Tab Completion
41
Appending Property Values
42
Object Categories
42
Selecting Object Categories
43
Inserting into Rule Lists
43
Referencing by Name
43
Using Unique Names
44
Using Hostnames in the CLI
44
InControl Domains
44
Serial Console CLI Access
44
Device:/> shutdown
45
SSH (Secure Shell) CLI Access
46
Logging on to the CLI
46
Changing the CLI Prompt
47
Device:/> commit
48
Device:/> reconf
48
Logging off from the CLI
49
2.1.5. CLI Scripts
50
Executing Scripts
51
Script Variables
51
Error Handling
52
Script Output
52
Saving Scripts
52
Removing Scripts
53
Listing Scripts
53
2.1.6. Secure Copy
55
2.1.7. The Console Boot Menu
57
The Reset Menu
58
Device:/> activate
61
IP=192.168.1.2
62
Changing a Remote Access Rule
63
Object Organization
67
Listing Modified Objects
71
2.2. Events and Logging
73
2.2.3. Creating Log Receivers
74
Memory for Logging is Limited
75
Memlog Timestamps
75
Disabling Memory Logging
75
Message Format
75
RFC 5424 Compliance
77
Setting the Hostname
77
The Severity Filter
78
Log Message Exceptions
78
2.2.8. SNMP Traps
79
2.2.9. Advanced Log Settings
80
2.3. RADIUS Accounting
82
STOP Message Parameters
83
Messages are Snapshots
84
Message Frequency
84
Source IP Selection
85
Further RADIUS Considerations
85
Special Accounting Events
86
2.3.9. Limitations with NAT
87
Maximum Radius Contexts
88
2.4. Monitoring
89
TCP Buffer Statistics
90
Rule Usage Statistics
90
Interface/VLAN/VPN Statistics
90
Pipe Statistics
91
DHCP Server Statistics
91
DHCP Relay Statistics
92
General ALG Statistics
92
SMTP ALG DNSBL Statistics
92
Link Monitor Statistics
93
Packet Reassembly Statistics
93
IP Pools Statistics
93
2.4.3. The Link Monitor
94
Link Monitor Actions
95
Monitoring Multiple Hosts
95
Link Monitor Uses
95
IPsec Tunnels and HA Clusters
96
2.4.4. SNMP Monitoring
98
The Community String
99
Enabling an IP Rule for SNMP
99
Remote Access Encryption
99
Preventing SNMP Overload
99
SNMP Advanced Settings
100
SNMP Before RulesLimit
100
SNMP Request Limit
100
System Contact
100
System Name
100
2.4.5. Hardware Monitoring
101
Using the hwm CLI Command
102
Note: Values for the W5 PSUs
104
2.5. Diagnostic Tools
106
A Simple Example
107
Re-using Capture Files
108
Filter Expressions
108
Downloading the Output File
108
Combining Filters
109
Compatibility with Wireshark
109
Preparing Hardware
109
Throughput Testing
110
The -burnin Option
110
2.6. Maintenance
112
The Upgrade Procedure
113
2.6.2. Auto-Update Mechanism
114
Version Compatibility
115
Operation Interruption
116
Backup and Restore using SCP
116
Device:/> reset -unit
117
End of Life Procedures
118
Checking Ethernet Interfaces
119
Automatic Reconfiguration
119
Forcing the Choice of Driver
119
2.7. Licensing
121
Device:/> shutdown -reboot
122
Lockdown Mode
123
Causes of Lockdown Mode
123
Ending Lockdown Mode
123
SCP License Uploading
124
Replacing Licenses
124
Replacing Hardware
124
HA Cluster Licensing
125
Licensing with VMware
125
Chapter 3: Fundamentals
127
3.1.2. IP Addresses
128
3.1.3. Ethernet Addresses
130
3.1.4. Address Groups
131
3.1.6. Address Book Folders
132
3.2. IPv6 Support
134
EnableIPv6=Yes
136
IPv6IP=wan_ip6
136
IPv6Network=wan_net6
136
The all-nets6 Address Object
137
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery
138
Proxy Neighbor Discovery
138
IPv6 Usage Restrictions
140
IPv6 and High Availability
140
IPv6 and Transparent Mode
140
3.3. Services
143
TCP and UDP Based Services
145
UDP Orientated Applications
145
Specifying Port Numbers
145
Tip: Specifying source ports
146
Specifying All Services
147
3.3.3. ICMP Services
148
ICMP Message Types
149
3.3.5. Service Groups
150
3.4. Interfaces
152
Interfaces have Unique Names
153
3.4.2. Ethernet Interfaces
154
Note: Interface naming
155
Address=10.1.1.2
159
Showing Assigned Interfaces
160
Setting Interface Addresses
161
Enabling DHCP
161
Ethernet Device Commands
161
DHCP Settings
162
DHCP_AllowGlobalBcast
162
DHCP_DisableArpOnOffer
162
DHCP_UseLinkLocalIP
162
DHCP_ValidateBcast
162
3.4.3. Link Aggregation
165
Distribution Methods
166
Physical Switch Connections
166
Setup with High Availability
167
Setting the MTU Value
167
3.4.4. VLAN
168
Port Based VLAN
170
3.4.5. PPPoE
171
The PPP Protocol
172
PPP Authentication
172
PPPoE Client Configuration
172
IP address information
172
Dial-on-demand
173
Unnumbered PPPoE
173
PPPoE cannot be used with HA
173
User authentication
173
3.4.6. GRE Tunnels
174
GRE Security and Performance
175
Setting Up GRE
175
GRE and the IP Rule Set
176
An Example GRE Scenario
176
3.4.7. Loopback Interfaces
178
3.4.8. Interface Groups
182
Members=exampleIf1,exampleIf2
183
3.5. ARP
184
The Expires Column
185
Flushing the ARP Cache
185
3.5.3. ARP Publish
186
ARP Object Properties
187
Static Mode ARP Objects
187
Publish and XPublish Modes
187
ARP and Neighbor Discovery
188
Multicast and Broadcast
189
Unsolicited ARP Replies
189
ARP Requests
190
Changes to the ARP Cache
190
Sender IP 0.0.0.0
190
Matching Ethernet Addresses
190
3.6. IP Rules and IP Policies
191
The Default main IP Rule Set
192
Creating a Drop All Rule
193
3.6.2. IP Rule Set Evaluation
194
3.6.3. IP Rule Actions
195
Bi-directional Connections
196
3.6.4. Multiple IP Rule Sets
197
Loop Avoidance
198
A Usage Example
198
The main IP rule set
198
The ExtraRules IP rule set
198
3.6.5. IP Rule Set Folders
199
Object Groups and the CLI
201
Editing Group Properties
202
Adding Additional Objects
203
Adding Preceding Objects
203
3.6.7. IP Policies
204
Creating IP Policies
205
3.6.8. Application Control
207
Enabling Application Control
208
Using an Application Rule Set
209
Application Content Control
212
Extended Logging
214
Data Leakage Can Occur
215
Managing Filters
216
Selecting All Signatures
217
Signature Inheritance
217
Risk Guidelines
217
Application Control Licensing
218
3.7. Schedules
219
3.8. Certificates
222
The Type Property
223
The NoCRLs Property
223
Certificates with VPN Tunnels
224
Certificate Authorities
224
Certificate Chains
224
Validity Time
224
Trusting Certificates
225
3.8.2. Uploading Certificates
226
Graphical Interface Uploading
227
Uploading Remote Certificates
227
Using Uploaded Certificates
228
3.9. Date and Time
229
Time Zones
230
Daylight Saving Time
230
3.9.3. Time Servers
231
Configuring Time Servers
232
Maximum Time Adjustment
233
3.10. DNS
236
DNS Lookup and IP Rules
237
Dynamic DNS and HTTP Poster
237
HTTP Poster Has Other Uses
238
3.11. Internet Access Setup
239
3.11.2. DHCP Setup
240
3.11.4. Creating a Route
242
3.11.6. Defining DNS Servers
245
Device:/> dhcp -show wan
246
3.12. ICMP Ping
247
Using the -verbose Option
248
Specifying the Source IP
249
Combining -srcif with -srcip
250
Ping with IPv6
250
Chapter 4: Routing
252
4.2. Static Routing
253
A Typical Routing Scenario
254
1 lan 192.168.0.0/24
255
2 dmz 10.4.0.0/16
255
3 wan 195.66.77.0/24
255
4 wan all-nets 195.66.77.4
255
4.2.2. Static Routing
257
Displaying Routing Tables
259
The all-nets Route
260
Routes to the Core Interface
261
1 core 192.168.0.10
262
2 core 193.55.66.77
262
1 core 224.0.0.0/4
262
Setting the Route Metric
264
Multiple Failover Routes
264
Failover Processing
264
Re-enabling Routes
265
Route Interface Grouping
265
Gratuitous ARP Generation
266
Overview
266
Enabling Host Monitoring
266
Specifying Hosts
267
HTTP Parameters
268
Iface poll interval
268
4.2.6. Proxy ARP
269
A Typical Scenario
270
Setting Up Proxy ARP
270
Automatically Added Routes
271
4.3. Policy-based Routing
272
Routing Tables
273
Routing Rules
274
The Ordering parameter
277
4.4. Route Load Balancing
280
RLB Resets
283
RLB Limitations
283
An RLB Scenario
283
RLB with VPN
286
4.5. Virtual Routing
288
Reusing Private IP Addresses
289
VPN Tunnels are Interfaces
289
Using Loopback Interfaces
289
Routing Table pbr1
290
Routing Table pbr2
290
Routing Table main
292
Routing Table vs1
292
Routing Table vs2
292
Ethernet Interfaces
292
Loopback Interfaces
292
Interface Groups
293
IP Rules
293
4.5.5. Multiple IP rule sets
294
4.5.6. Trouble Shooting
294
4.6. OSPF
296
The OSPF Solution
297
A Simple OSPF Scenario
297
A Look at Routing Metrics
298
4.6.2. OSPF Concepts
299
OSPF Areas
300
OSPF Area Components
300
The Designated Router
300
Neighbors
301
Aggregates
301
Virtual Links
301
Using OSPF with cOS Core
303
4.6.3. OSPF Components
304
Authentication
305
4.6.3.2. OSPF Area
306
4.6.3.3. OSPF Interface
307
4.6.3.4. OSPF Neighbors
309
4.6.3.5. OSPF Aggregates
309
4.6.4. Dynamic Routing Rules
310
Usage with OSPF
311
Specifying a Filter
311
When to Use Export Rules
311
Dynamic Routing Rule Objects
311
4.6.4.2. Dynamic Routing Rule
312
4.6.5. Setting Up OSPF
313
Confirming OSPF Deployment
316
4.6.6. An OSPF Example
318
Device:/as_0> cc area_0
320
Device:/as_0/area_0> cc
320
Device:/>
320
4.6.7. OSPF Troubleshooting
323
The OSPF CLI command
325
4.7. Multicast Routing
326
4.7.3. IGMP Configuration
332
4.7.4. Advanced IGMP Settings
337
IGMP Query Response Interval
339
IGMP Robustness Variable
339
IGMP Startup Query Count
339
IGMP Startup Query Interval
339
Enabling Transparent Mode
342
Transparent Mode with VLANs
344
Transparent Mode with DHCP
344
Non-switch if1 all-nets gw-ip
345
Scenario 1
347
Scenario 2
349
4.8.5. MPLS Pass Through
354
Note: Optimal ATS handling
356
Relay Spanning-tree BPDUs
357
Relay MPLS
357
Chapter 5: DHCP Services
359
5.2. cOS Core DHCP Servers
361
IPv4 DHCP Options
362
DHCP Server Advanced Settings
362
The DHCP Server Blacklist
364
Additional Server Settings
364
5.2.1. Static IPv4 DHCP Hosts
365
5.2.2. Custom IPv4 Options
366
5.3. IPv4 DHCP Relay
368
Max Transactions
369
5.4. IP Pools
371
Advanced IP Pool Options
372
Listing IP Pool Status
372
DHCPServerType=ServerIP
373
ServerIP=ippool_dhcp
373
PrefetchLeases=10
373
5.5. DHCPv6 Servers
374
DHCPv6 Server Setup
375
Static DHCPv6 Hosts
378
6.1. Access Rules
380
6.1.2. IP Spoofing
381
6.1.3. Access Rule Settings
381
Note: Enabling logging
382
6.2. ALGs
384
6.2.2. The HTTP ALG
385
6.2.3. The FTP ALG
388
FTP Connections
389
FTP Connection Modes
389
The cOS Core ALG Solution
389
Hybrid Mode
390
Predefined FTP ALGs
391
FTP ALG Command Restrictions
391
Control Channel Restrictions
391
Filetype Checking
392
Anti-Virus Scanning
392
6.2.4. The TFTP ALG
398
6.2.5. The SMTP ALG
399
Enhanced SMTP and Extensions
401
6.2.5.1. Anti-Spam Filtering
402
Creating a DNSBL Consensus
403
Tagging Spam
404
Adding X-Spam Information
404
Verifying the Sender Email
405
Setup Summary
405
Real-time Monitoring
406
The dnsbl CLI Command
407
6.2.6. The POP3 ALG
408
6.2.7. The PPTP ALG
408
PPTP ALG Setup
409
6.2.8. The SIP ALG
410
Traffic Shaping with SIP
411
SIP Components
411
SIP Media-related Protocols
412
SIP ALG Options
412
IP Rules for Media Data
413
SIP and Virtual Routing
413
SIP Usage Scenarios
413
Scenario 3
419
6.2.9. The H.323 ALG
423
H.323 ALG features
424
H.323 ALG Configuration
424
6.2.10. The TLS ALG
439
Enabling TLS
440
URLs Delivered by Servers
441
6.3. Web Content Filtering
443
RemoveActiveX=Yes
444
RemoveApplets=Yes
444
Wildcarding
445
URL=www.Clavister.com/*.exe
446
Action=Whitelist
446
6.3.4.1. Overview
447
Dynamic WCF Databases
448
Dynamic WCF Processing Flow
448
Dynamic WCF and Whitelisting
449
Tip: Using a schedule
450
DestinationPorts=80
451
ALG=content_filtering
451
Audit Mode
452
Allowing Override
453
AllowReclassification=Yes
454
Event Messages
455
Category 1: Adult Content
455
Category 2: News
455
Category 29: Computing/IT
459
Category 31: Spam
459
Category 32: Non-Managed
459
Available Banner Files
459
HTML Page Parameters
460
Customizing Banner Files
460
Tip: Saving changes
461
6.4. Anti-Virus Scanning
462
Types of Data Scanned
463
Simultaneous Scans
463
Protocol Specific behavior
464
Relationship with IDP
464
The Signature Database
464
Database Updates
464
6.4.4. Anti-Virus Options
466
3. Compression Ratio Limit
467
Verifying the MIME Type
467
6.5.1. Overview
469
Automatic Updating
470
6.5.3. IDP Rules
471
HTTP Normalization
472
Initial Packet Processing
473
Insertion Attacks
473
6.5.5. IDP Pattern Matching
474
6.5.6. IDP Signature Groups
475
Listing of IDP Groups
476
Processing Multiple Actions
476
IDP Signature Wildcarding
476
6.5.7. Setting Up IDP
477
Using Individual Signatures
479
IDP Traffic Shaping
479
IDP Database Updating
480
6.6.1. Overview
481
6.6.2. DoS Attack Mechanisms
481
6.6.3. Ping of Death Attacks
481
6.6.6. The WinNuke attack
482
6.6.7. Amplification Attacks
483
6.6.8. TCP SYN Flood Attacks
484
6.6.9. The Jolt2 Attack
484
Blacklisting Options
486
Whitelisting
486
The CLI blacklist Command
487
7.1. Overview
489
7.2. NAT
491
Applying NAT Translation
492
Protocols Handled by NAT
495
7.3. NAT Pools
498
Stateless NAT Pools
499
Fixed NAT Pools
499
IP Pool Usage
499
Proxy ARP Usage
499
Using NAT Pools
499
7.4. SAT
502
SAT IP Rule Properties
503
The Role of a DMZ
504
194.1.2.20
512
194.1.2.30
512
7.4.5. Port Translation
514
7.4.6. SAT with FwdFast Rules
515
8.1. Overview
520
8.2. Authentication Setup
522
PPTP/L2TP Configuration
523
Specifying an SSH Public Key
524
RADIUS Usage with cOS Core
525
RADIUS Security
526
The Primary Retry Interval
526
Setting the Source IP
526
Support for Groups
526
8.2.4. External LDAP Servers
527
LDAP Issues
528
Defining an LDAP Server
528
LDAP Attributes
528
General Settings
528
Database Settings
530
Optional Settings
531
Bind Request Authentication
532
LDAP Server Responses
532
Usernames may need the Domain
532
LDAP Authentication and PPP
533
8.2.5. Authentication Rules
535
Connection Timeouts
536
Multiple Logins
537
8.2.7. HTTP Authentication
538
Forcing Users to a Login Page
539
8.3. ARP Authentication
542
00-0c-19-f9-14-6f
543
HTTP Banner Files
544
Uploading with SCP
546
8.6. User Identity Awareness
550
Setting Up Identity Awareness
551
Device:/> authagent
555
Device:/> userauth -list
555
Device:/> authagentsnoop
555
Processing Sequence
556
8.8. Radius Relay
558
Chapter 9: VPN
565
9.1.2. VPN Encryption
566
9.1.3. VPN Planning
567
9.1.4. Key Distribution
567
9.2. VPN Quick Start
569
Interface Network Gateway
571
Configuring IPsec Clients
574
9.2.7. PPTP Roaming Clients
578
9.2.8. iOS Setup
579
9.3. IPsec Components
581
IKE Negotiation
582
IKE and IPsec Lifetimes
582
Lifetime Recommendations
582
IKE Algorithm Proposals
582
IPsec Tunnel Properties
583
9.3.3. IKE Authentication
587
Disadvantages of Certificates
589
AH (Authentication Header)
589
9.3.5. NAT Traversal
590
UDP Encapsulation
591
NAT Traversal Configuration
591
9.3.7. Pre-shared Keys
593
9.3.8. Identification Lists
594
9.4. IPsec Tunnels
597
Returning Traffic
598
Dead Peer Detection
598
Using Autoestablish
599
IPsec Tunnel Quick Start
599
9.4.3. Roaming Clients
600
Using Config Mode
604
IP Validation
606
Local Gateway
606
VPN Tunnel Negotiation
607
Using ikesnoop
607
The Client and the Server
608
Explanation of Values
609
Explanation of Above Values
612
Step 6. Server ID Response
612
IPsec Max Rules
614
IPsec Cert Cache Max Certs
616
IPsec Gateway Name Cache Time
616
Enable AES-NI acceleration
616
IPsec Hardware Acceleration
616
DPD Metric
617
DPD Keep Time
617
DPD Expire Time
617
Default: 15 seconds
618
9.5. PPTP/L2TP
619
Troubleshooting PPTP
620
9.5.2. L2TP Servers
621
L2TP Before Rules
626
9.5.4. PPTP/L2TP Clients
627
9.5.5. L2TP Version 3
628
9.5.5.1. L2TPv3 Server
629
Using IPsec for Encryption
631
Setup With VLANs
632
IP=If3_ip
633
LocalNetwork=If3
633
Interface=If2
633
ServerIP=If2_ip
633
9.6. SSL VPN
636
SSL VPN with PPPoE
637
Custom Server Connection
641
Client Transfer Statistics
641
SSL VPN Client Operation
642
Client Cleanup
642
9.6.4. SSL VPN Setup Example
643
9.7. CA Server Access
646
CA Server Access by Clients
647
Turning Off validation
648
9.8. VPN Troubleshooting
649
The ipsecstat console command
650
The ikesnoop console command
651
2. Incorrect pre-shared key
652
4. Payload_Malformed
653
5. No public key found
653
9.8.6. Specific Symptoms
654
10.1. Traffic Shaping
657
The Traffic Shaping Solution
658
Traffic Shaping Objectives
658
Pipe Rules
659
Pipe Rule Chains
659
The Incorrect Solution
664
The Correct Solution
664
10.1.6. Precedences
665
Tip: Specifying bandwidth
667
Lowest Precedence Limits
668
Applying Precedences
668
The Need for Guarantees
668
Differentiated Guarantees
669
10.1.7. Pipe Groups
670
Another Simple Groups Example
671
Dynamic Balancing
672
VPN Pipe Limits
673
Relying on the Group Limit
673
Attacks on Bandwidth
674
Watching for Leaks
674
Troubleshooting
674
10.1.10. More Pipe Examples
675
Using Several Precedences
676
Pipe Chaining
676
A VPN Scenario
677
SAT with Pipes
678
10.2. IDP Traffic Shaping
679
10.2.3. Processing Flow
680
10.2.5. A P2P Scenario
681
Viewing Hosts
682
Viewing Pipes
682
10.2.8. Logging
683
10.3. Threshold Rules
684
Rule Actions
685
Multiple Triggered Actions
685
Exempted Connections
685
Threshold Rule Blacklisting
685
10.4. Server Load Balancing
687
SLB Deployment Considerations
688
Identifying the Servers
688
10.4.3. Selecting Stickiness
689
10.4.5. SLB Server Monitoring
691
Monitoring Methods
692
Polling Options
692
Chapter 11: High Availability
699
Licensing
701
11.2. HA Mechanisms
702
Failover Time
703
Shared IP Addresses and ARP
703
HA with Anti-Virus and IDP
703
Dealing with Sync Failure
704
11.3. Setting Up HA
705
Installing a New Master Unit
708
Problem Diagnosis
711
11.4. HA Issues
712
Both Units Going Active
714
IPv6 Support
714
11.5. Upgrading an HA Cluster
715
Device:/> ha -deactivate
716
HA Was: ACTIVE
716
HA going INACTIVE
716
11.6. Link Monitoring and HA
717
11.7. HA Advanced Settings
718
Chapter 12: Advanced Settings
720
12.2. TCP Level Settings
724
TCP Sequence Numbers
728
Allow TCP Reopen
728
12.3. ICMP Level Settings
729
12.4. State Settings
730
Log Connection Usage
731
Dynamic Max Connections
731
Max Connections
731
Other Idle Lifetime
733
12.6. Length Limit Settings
734
Default: Enabled
736
12.7. Fragmentation Settings
737
Failed Fragment Reassembly
738
Dropped Fragments
738
Duplicate Fragments
738
Fragmented ICMP
739
Minimum Fragment Length
739
Reassembly Timeout
739
Max Reassembly Time Limit
739
Reassembly Done Limit
739
Reassembly Illegal Limit
740
Max Concurrent
741
Max Size
741
Large Buffers
741
12.9. SSL Settings
742
TLS RSA EXPORT NULL MD5
743
12.10. Miscellaneous Settings
744
Default: 512
746
Subscription renewal
748
Database Console Commands
749
Querying Server Status
750
Deleting Local Databases
750
Appendix D: The OSI Framework
759
Open Source Code Requests
765
Alphabetical Index
766
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